tobacco transformation index Development and validation of a smoking-related for predicting overall survival and immunotherapy response in bladder cancer | Environmental Science and Pollution Research Reports | Research | Global

Boffetta, P, et al., Smokeless tobacco and cancer, The Lancet 9:667-675, 2008

Chen, ZM, Richard Peto, Maigeng Zhou, et al Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies, Lancet 2015

And its easy

(The widely used term misuse carries a similar meaning.) The DSM and ICD criteria differ somewhat, with the emphasis being on negative social consequences of substance use in DSM-IV, and on adverse physical and psychological consequences in ICD-10

Former Smokers e-cigarette users who previously smoked and switched to vaping may face compounded risks due to cumulative exposure to carcinogens