Numerous studies have identified abnormal alterations in various cytokines in the CSF and peripheral blood of SZ patients (see Table 3 ), most of which are pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, TNF-, and IFN-) (188191), with a smaller proportion being anti-inflammatory cytokines (including TGF-1, IL-4, and IL-10) (192)
As such, TGR5 activation stimulates secretion of GLP-1, while FXR activation reduces GLP-1 secretion, demonstrating a complex interplay between the differential bile acid pool composition and gutbrain signaling 270,271
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