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A pulmonary function test is an additional option

The nicotine acetylcholine receptors located in the neocortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus cause neuronal excitability by later activating the NMDA receptors and nitric oxide production

doi: 10.1007/s00204-014-1294-7

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We identified 22 Cochrane systematic reviews on behavioural interventions, pharmacotherapies, combined behavioural and pharmacotherapy interventions, and other interventions.22 We updated our search in June 2024, and findings on benefits and harms were consistent with results from earlier searches (Appendix 2, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.241584/tab-related-content)