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In the present study, with E-cadherin, CD44, and ZO1 as epithelial cell markers used in in vitro and in vivo models, we used CS extract (CSE) to stimulate human airway epithelial cells as an in vitro model to evaluate the function of the MAPK-signaling pathway and FoxA2 in bronchial epithelial cell differentiation

However, we excluded participants who died the same year as their interview

Summary Smoking negatively affects the thyroid gland, its function and associated diseases, and even thyroid test results in various ways

Evaluation of statewide restrictions on flavored e-cigarette sales in the US from 2014 to 2020

Individual sensitivity and tolerance Some individuals may be more sensitive to nicotine, and their tolerance levels can vary