Introduction A growing body of evidence has shown that dopamine can modulate a variety of immune functions, including proliferation, chemotaxis, antigen presentation, phagocytosis, cytokine secretion, and cell adhesion (Cosentino et al., 1999
The most common cause of chronic low-back pain is the deterioration of discs between the vertebrae
In cell and animal studies, glucocorticoids reduce the gene expression that produces GLP-1 in intestinal L-cells, which is a clear and well-mapped mechanism
The concept of a gutbrain axis has emerged as a major paradigm shift in neuroscience, revealing bidirectional communication pathways between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS) [2]
Determining the optimal dose-response curve is a critical part of the research