Spanlastics lipid bilayer structure enables the entry of hydrophilic or lipophilic active substances into biological tissue membranes 30
This is evidenced by increases in lipid peroxidation, glutathione oxidation, and oxidative protein damage
In fibroblast-like RA synoviocytes, the administration of lixisenatide resulted in a reduction in the inflammatory response.347 This was achieved by decreasing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8).15,351,352 Moreover, lixisenatide has been shown to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and effectively block various cell signaling pathways, including the JNK, activator protein-1, and NF-B pathways.353 These findings confirm that in the synovium, GLP-1R is expressed on two different cell types, macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes, which are specialized cells distributed within the synovial intima and subintima, and these cell types play important roles in hyaluronic acid synthesis, metabolite processing, and clearance of matrix degradation fragments.354 GLP-1RAs and musculoskeletal healthGLP-1RAs and bone The quality of bone depends on bone metabolism, and the main factors affecting bone metabolism include osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and calcitonin.355,356,357 According to most related studies, osteoclasts and osteoblasts are indispensable for bone remodeling, and bone resorption and bone formation are mediated by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively.358 GLP-1R is present in bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs),15,359 osteoblasts,15 osteocytes,360 and osteoclasts,361 and GLP-1RAs have the potential to impact these cells
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and the Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project (M-20244501)
