Varshavsky, A
GLP1-R is a class B G protein-coupled receptor,25 and its expression has been reported in the cerebral cortex, especially the occipital and frontal lobes, hypothalamus, and thalamus, whereas lower levels are found in the caudate putamen, globus pallidus, and hippocampus.21 GLP-1 and its RA cross the bloodbrain barrier, with exendin-4 considered as one of the best based on the rate of brain influx, percentage of reaching the brain that accumulates in the brain parenchyma, and percentage of the systemic dose taken per gram of brain tissue.8 Small amounts of GLP-1 may also be produced by preproglucagon neurons, located in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the brainstem26,27 and projected to other brain regions, such as the nuclei of the hypothalamus, including the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei.28 In the case of diabetes or obesity-related IR, GLP-1 secretion in the brain29 and peripheries30 may be impaired, which may contribute to the pathogenic change in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline
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Our bodies break down the natural GLP-1 hormone fairly quickly
This review synthesizes current research findings, providing an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which spirulina may aid in detoxification and liver protection, while also highlighting the need for further clinical studies to validate these therapeutic claims
