The appropriate concentration of the peptide, in the recommended dose, brings the expected therapeutic effect
Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: results of a phase III, randomized, controlled trial (Efficacy and Safety Trial Evaluating the Effects of Apremilast in Psoriasis [ESTEEM] 1)
The side-chain guanidyl group of Arg454 interacts with the carboxylate moiety of glycine to orient the substrate for attack on the acyl-phosphate intermediate (Herrera et al., Unlike other organisms, some plants synthesize glutathione analogs in which -alanine, serine, or glutamate replaces glycine in the tripeptide (Figure 4A)
oral less effective due to metabolism
Tripeptide Wound Healing & ECM Remodelling Review (Med Sci, 2025) A comprehensive 2025 review of tripeptides in wound healing and skin regeneration confirmed GHK-Cu as the most studied tripeptide in the context of wound repair and scar minimisation